矿业术语是串联地质勘探、矿山开发、矿物加工等全产业链的“语言纽带”，其精准度直接影响技术交流的效率与工程实践的质量。

继“A 字头”术语解读之后，本次聚焦以字母“B”开头的核心术语，涵盖岩石学（如玄武岩、角砾岩）、采矿工艺（如球磨机、阶段崩落采矿法）、冶金技术（如高炉、生物浸出）及资源评估等多个维度。通过系统梳理其定义与应用场景，为行业从业者提供标准化的术语参考，助力提升在技术研讨、现场操作及报告分析中的专业表达能力。

1、地质与岩石学类

Break断裂带：Loosely used to describe a large-scale regional shear zone or structural fault. 泛指大型区域性剪切带或构造断层。

断裂带图解

Basalt玄武岩：An extrusive volcanic rock composed primarily of plagioclase, pyroxene and some olivine. 一种喷出型火山岩，主要由斜长石、辉石和少量橄榄石组成。（注：玄武岩就是火山喷发时，岩浆直接喷到地表冷却成的岩石，常见于火山口附近，质地坚硬。”）

应用价值

因玄武岩的高强度和耐磨性，

常被用于公路建材、隧道衬砌等工程”。

Breccia角砾岩：A rock in which angular fragments are surrounded by a mass of fine-grained minerals. 一种岩石，其中棱角状碎屑被细粒矿物基质包围。

Basic rocks 基性岩：Igneous rocks that are relatively low in silica and composed mostly of dark-colored minerals. 二氧化硅含量相对较低、主要由深色矿物组成的火成岩。

Batholith岩基：A large mass of igneous rock extending to great depth with its upper portion dome-like in shape. Similar, smaller masses of igneous rocks are known as bosses or plugs. 延伸至巨大深度的大型火成岩体，其上部呈穹顶状。类似的小型火成岩体被称为岩瘤或岩颈。

Basement rocks基底岩石：The underlying or older rock mass. Often refers to rocks of Precambrian age which may be covered by younger rocks. 下伏的或较古老的岩石体。常指可能被较年轻岩石覆盖的前寒武纪岩石。

Basal till底碛：Unsorted glacial debris at the base of the soil column where it comes into contact with the bedrock below. 土壤层底部与下伏基岩接触处的未分选冰川碎屑。

Biotite黑云母：A platy magnesium-iron mica, common in igneous rocks. 一种片状的镁铁云母，常见于火成岩中。

Background本底：Minor amounts of radioactivity due not to abnormal amounts of radioactive minerals nearby, but to cosmic rays and minor residual radioactivity in the vicinity. 少量的放射性，并非由附近异常量的放射性矿物引起，而是由宇宙射线和附近的少量残余放射性导致。

Base camp基地营地：Centre of operations from which exploration activity is conducted. 开展勘探活动的作业中心。

Bulk sample大样：A large sample of mineralized rock, frequently hundreds of tonnes, selected in such a manner as to be representative of the potential orebody being sampled. Used to determine metallurgical characteristics. 大量的矿化岩石样品，通常为数百吨，其选取方式需能代表所采样的潜在矿体。用于测定矿石的冶金特性。

Banded iron formation条带状铁建造： A bedded deposit of iron minerals. 含铁矿物的层状沉积矿床。

Bedding 层理： The arrangement of sedimentary rocks in layers. 沉积岩的层状排列。

Brunton compass布伦顿罗盘：A pocket compass equipped with sights and a reflector, used for sighting lines, measuring dip and carrying out preliminary surveys.一种配备瞄准器和反射镜的袖珍罗盘，用于测线瞄准、倾角测量和初步测量。

术语来源

19 世纪美国地质学家 David Brunton 为解决野外测向不准

的问题，将反光镜与罗盘结合—— 如今在西藏珠峰科考中，

它仍是地质队员“比手机靠谱”的备用工具。

2、采矿工艺与设备类

2.1 核心设备

Ball mill 球磨机：A steel cylinder filled with steel balls into which crushed ore is fed. The ball mill is rotated, causing the balls to cascade and grind the ore. 一种装满钢球的钢筒，破碎后的矿石被送入其中。球磨机通过旋转使钢球下落并研磨矿石。

球磨机图解

Bit钻头：The cutting end of a drill frequently made of an extremely hard material such as industrial diamonds or tungsten carbide. 钻机的切削端，通常由极硬的材料制成，如工业钻石或碳化钨。

Boom悬臂：A telescoping, hydraulically powered steel arm on which drifters, manbaskets and hydraulic hammers are mounted. 可伸缩的液压驱动钢臂，其上安装有凿岩机、载人吊笼和液压锤。

2.2 开采工艺

Bulk mining大规模采矿：Any large-scale, mechanized method of mining involving many thousands of tonnes of ore being brought to surface per day. 任何大规模的机械化采矿方法，每天将数千吨矿石运至地表。

Block caving阶段崩落采矿法：An inexpensive method of mining in which large blocks of ore are undercut, causing the ore to break or cave under its own weight. 一种低成本采矿方法，通过对大块矿石进行底切，使矿石在自身重量作用下破碎或崩落。

2.3 现场操作

Blaster爆破工：A mine employee responsible for loading, priming and detonating blastholes.负责装填、起爆和引爆炮孔的矿山员工。

Back sample顶板样品：Rock chips collected from the roof or back of an underground opening for the purpose of determining grade.从地下巷道的顶板采集的岩屑，用于测定品位。

Blasthole炮孔：A drill hole in a mine that is filled with explosives in order to blast loose a quantity of rock. 矿山中用于填充炸药以爆破松动一定量岩石的钻孔。

Back顶板：The ceiling or roof of an underground opening. 地下巷道的顶部或顶板。

Backfill回填物：Waste material used to fill the void created by mining an orebody. 用于填充采矿后矿体留下的空隙的废料。

Breast工作面：A working face in a mine, usually restricted to a stope. 矿山中的作业面，通常指采场的作业面。

Broken reserves已破碎储量：The ore in a mine which has been broken by blasting but which has not yet been transported to surface. 矿山中已通过爆破破碎但尚未运至地表的矿石。

Box hole箱形溜井：A short raise or opening driven above a drift for the purpose of drawing ore from a stope, or to permit access. 在平巷上方掘进的短天井或通道，用于从采场放矿或提供通道。

3、冶金与矿物加工类

Beneficiate 选矿：To concentrate or enrich; often applied to the preparation of iron ore for smelting. 进行选矿或富集处理；常用于铁矿石冶炼前的预处理

Bentonite 膨润土：A clay with great ability to absorb water and which swells accordingly. 一种具有强吸水性且会相应膨胀的黏土。

Bio-leaching 生物浸出：A process for recovering metals from low-grade ores by dissolving them in solution, the dissolution being aided by bacterial action. 通过将低品位矿石中的金属溶解到溶液中以回收金属的过程，该溶解过程由细菌作用辅助。

Blast furnace 高炉：A reaction vessel in which mixed charges of oxide ores, fluxes and fuels are blown with a continuous blast of hot air and oxygen-enriched air for the chemical reduction of metals to their metallic state. 一种反应容器，在其中将氧化物矿石、熔剂和燃料的混合炉料用连续的热空气和富氧空气吹炼，以将金属化学还原为金属态。

Blister copper粗铜：A crude form of copper (assaying about 99%) produced in a smelter, which requires further refining before being used for industrial purposes.在冶炼厂生产的粗制铜（品位约 99%），需进一步精炼才能用于工业用途。   

Byproduct副产品：A secondary metal or mineral product recovered in the milling process.在选矿过程中回收的次要金属或矿物产品。

4、资源经济与行业特殊术语类

Blackjack黑杰克：A miner’s term for sphalerite (zinc sulphide). 闪锌矿（硫化锌）的矿工术语。

行业趣闻

Blackjack（黑杰克）是矿工给闪锌矿起的接地气外号。

“Black”是因为这矿石常带杂质，看起来黑黢黢的；

“Jack”是老矿工的俚语，像喊“老伙计”似的，

指这种常见又实用的锌矿石——虽不如金银扎眼，却是炼锌的主力，

还总跟铅矿“搭伙”出现，矿工见了它就知道“有料”啦。

Black smoker黑烟囱：Volcanic vent found in areas of active ocean floor spreading, through which sulphide-laden fluids escape.在活跃的海底扩张区域发现的火山喷口，富含硫化物的流体通过这些喷口喷出。

Backwardation现货溢价：A situation when the cash or spot price of a metal stands at a premium over the price of the metal for delivery at a forward date. 金属的现货价格高于其远期交货价格的情况。

Bull quartz白石英 ：A prospector’s term for white, coarse-grained, barren quartz.探矿者对白色、粗粒、无矿化石英的术语。

Bauxite铝土矿- A rock made up of hydrous aluminum oxides; the most common aluminum ore.由含水氧化铝组成的岩石，是最常见的铝矿石。

Bessemer 贝塞麦生铁：An iron ore with a very low phosphorus content. 磷含量极低的铁矿石。

Base metal贱金属：Any non-precious metal (eg. copper, lead, zinc, nickel, etc.). 任何非贵金属（如铜、铅、锌、镍等）。

Bullion金银条：Metal formed into bars or ingots. 铸成条或锭的金属。

上述“B 字头”术语贯穿了矿业从地质特征识别（如层理、基底岩石）到采矿工艺实施（如炮孔、悬臂），再到冶金加工（如粗铜、高炉）的关键环节，是理解行业技术逻辑的重要支点。准确把握这些术语的内涵，不仅能夯实专业基础，更能为矿山设计优化、生产流程管控等实践工作提供清晰的概念指引。后续将按字母序列持续推出术语解读系列，敬请关注，共同构建系统化的矿业术语知识体系。

公司介绍

北京阳光创译语言翻译有限公司（Suntrans）成立于 2008 年 2 月。公司总部设立在北京，在美国纽约设有分公司，并在乌干达和巴基斯设有办事处。在董事长吕国博士的带领下，历时15年，阳光创译由最初只有6人的翻译团队发展至今成为拥有50 余名全职管理人员、 1024 名兼职译员和 68 名核心译审人员的专业队伍。

阳光创译是中国领先的专业领域多语服务提供商，是中国专业地质矿业语言服务领军品牌。目前是中国翻译协会成员、中国语言服务产业技术创新联盟成员和中国矿业联合会全球地质信息共享委员会理事会成员。阳光创译致力于为中国地质、矿业以及石油领域企业国际化和本地化提供整体语言解决方案，主要从语言翻译服务、人才培养和咨询服务三方面推进企业的国际化进程。

阳光创译的核心定位已经由最初的“阳光创译=矿业翻译”——中国地质矿业翻译领军品牌逐渐延伸扩展成“阳光创译=中国国际矿业服务大平台”，涵盖矿业翻译、矿业会展、矿业咨询、矿业猎头、“一带一路”矿业商会、矿业媒体等国际矿业服务板。