目录
一、引言：阳光创译吕国博士的哈萨克斯坦矿业考察之旅
1.1 考察背景与目标：深化中哈矿业合作
1.2 哈萨克斯坦：中亚资源大国与地缘枢纽
二、哈萨克斯坦主要矿产资源分布与开发现状
2.1 石油：西部的黑色“黄金”
2.1.1 卡拉干达盆地：国家石油命脉
2.1.2 里海地区：卡沙干与田吉兹油田的国际合作典范
2.2 天然气：广泛分布的清洁力量
2.2.1 核心产区与地质成因
2.2.2 勘探技术与储量规模
2.2.3 国内应用与国际输送网络（中亚-中国管道等）
2.2.4 未来战略：跨里海管道与全球供应枢纽
2.3 煤炭：中部和北部的能量源泉
2.3.1 地质背景与储量分布
2.3.2 埃基巴斯图兹煤田：主力产区与开采技术
2.4 铀矿：南部的战略资源
2.4.1 全球地位与核心矿区
2.4.2 砂岩型矿床与先进地浸采铀技术
2.5 铜矿：两大成矿带的宝藏
2.5.1 储量地位与主要成矿带（巴尔喀什-准噶尔、北天山）
2.5.2 代表性铜矿：杰兹卡兹甘与博谢库尔
2.5.3 完整的铜产业体系
2.6 金矿：多地绽放的金色光芒
2.6.1 储量分布与地质背景
2.6.2 主要金矿：那瓦西里科夫矿与巴克尔奇克矿
2.6.3 开采工艺与产业带动效应
2.7 铅锌矿：中部、南部和东部的富集区
2.7.1 储量地位与矿床类型（层控型、喀斯特型）
2.7.2 开采与选矿技术
2.7.3 产业链发展
2.8 其他重要金属矿产
2.8.1 铬铁矿：世界第二的储量与应用
2.8.2 钨矿：全球首位储量与共生矿特点
2.8.3 银矿：亚洲首位储量与综合回收
三、核心企业与中哈矿业合作深度解析
3.1 哈萨克斯坦铜业有限公司 (Kazakhmys)：全球铜业巨头
3.1.1 历史脉络与资本架构
3.1.2 资源禀赋与垂直一体化产业链
3.1.3 全球市场地位与产能扩张计划
3.1.4 中哈合作的多维实践
3.2 国家投资公司 (KAZAKH INVEST)：中亚投资引擎
3.2.1 政策定位与“一站式”机构职能
3.2.2 重点产业布局与项目实践
3.2.3 中哈投资合作的生态构建
3.3 国家石油天然气公司 (KMG)：中亚能源脊梁
3.3.1 国企担当与全产业链定位
3.3.2 油气全产业链的全球化布局
3.3.3 中哈能源合作的立体化实践
四、中哈矿业合作：特征、挑战与未来展望
4.1 合作模式的三大特征
4.1.1 全产业链渗透：从资源到技术的梯度转移
4.1.2 政策与市场双轮驱动
4.1.3 绿色与数字化转型导向
4.2 现存挑战与应对路径
4.2.1 地缘政治风险与分散策略
4.2.2 技术标准与环保壁垒的应对
4.2.3 本地化经营压力与文化融合
4.3 未来合作的四大趋势
4.3.1 新能源赛道全面发力
4.3.2 产业链深度融合的“哈萨克斯坦制造”
4.3.3 数字经济与绿色金融的创新协同
4.3.4 区域合作机制的升级 (物流、贸易模式)
五、结语
5.1 哈萨克斯坦矿业的支撑作用与未来潜力
5.2 阳光创译的桥梁作用与中哈合作共赢愿景
一、引言：阳光创译吕国博士的哈萨克斯坦矿业考察之旅
I. Introduction: Dr. Lyu Guo from Suntrans Translation’s Mining Inspection Tour in Kazakhstan
1.1 考察背景与目标：深化中哈矿业合作
1.1 Background and Objectives of the Inspection: Deepening China-Kazakhstan Mining Cooperation
2025年6月1日-6日，阳光创译吕国博士踏上了哈萨克斯坦的土地，展开了一场意义非凡的矿业考察之旅。作为深耕矿业翻译与国际矿业咨询领域多年的人士，吕国博士此次出访备受瞩目，旨在进一步加强中哈两国在矿业领域的深度合作，挖掘更多潜在的合作机会，为两国矿业发展注入新的活力。
From June 1 to 6, 2025, Dr. Lyu Guo from Suntrans embarked on a significant mining inspection tour in Kazakhstan. As a professional who has long been engaged in mining translation and international mining consulting, Dr. Lyu Guo’s visit has attracted much attention. Its purpose is to further strengthen in-depth cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the mining field, explore more potential cooperation opportunities, and inject new vitality into the mining development of both countries.
1.2 哈萨克斯坦：中亚资源大国与地缘枢纽
1.2 Kazakhstan: A Resource-Rich Country and Geopolitical Hub in Central Asia
阳光创译吕国博士认为哈萨克斯坦作为中亚地区的资源大国与地缘经济枢纽，其矿业、能源及投资促进领域的核心企业在全球市场及“一带一路” 框架下的中哈合作中占据关键地位。本文聚焦哈萨克斯坦铜业有限公司（Kazakhmys）、国家投资公司（KAZAKH INVEST）及国家石油天然气公司（KazMunayGas，简称KMG），通过剖析其历史沿革、业务架构、市场地位及对华合作案例，揭示中哈在资源开发、产业协同与投资贸易中的深层互动逻辑，为理解中亚区域经济合作提供典型范本。
Dr. Lyu Guo from Suntrans Translation believes that Kazakhstan, as a resource-rich country and geopolitical and economic hub in Central Asia, its core enterprises in the mining, energy, and investment promotion fields play a crucial role in the global market and China-Kazakhstan cooperation under the framework of the "Belt and Road Initiative". This article focuses on Kazakhmys Corporation, KAZAKH INVEST National Investment Corporation, and KazMunayGas (KMG) National Oil and Gas Company. By analyzing their historical evolution, business structure, market position, and cooperation cases with China, it reveals the in-depth interaction logic between China and Kazakhstan in resource development, industrial coordination, investment, and trade, providing a typical model for understanding regional economic cooperation in Central Asia.
二、哈萨克斯坦主要矿产资源分布与开发现状
II. Distribution and Development Status of Major Mineral Resources in Kazakhstan
2.1 石油：西部的黑色“黄金”
2.1 Oil: The Black “Gold” in the West
2.1.1 卡拉干达盆地：国家石油命脉
2.1 Oil: The Black “Gold” in the West
哈萨克斯坦的石油资源主要集中在西部地区，其形成与远古时期的地质变迁紧密相连。数百万年前，这里曾是温暖的浅海环境，大量浮游生物在海底沉积，历经漫长的高温高压作用，逐渐转化为石油。如今，卡拉干达盆地宛如一座巨大的石油宝藏库，这里的石油储量约占全国的半壁江山。盆地内的油层厚度大、原油品质优良，轻质低硫原油比例较高，非常适合提炼成汽油、柴油等成品油，源源不断地为国家输送着发展的动力。
Kazakhstan’s oil resources are mainly concentrated in the western region, and their formation is closely related to geological changes in ancient times. Millions of years ago, this area was a warm shallow sea environment. A large number of plankton accumulated on the seabed and gradually transformed into oil after a long period of high temperature and pressure. Today, the Karaganda Basin is like a huge oil treasure house, with oil reserves accounting for about half of the country’s total. The oil layers in the basin are thick, and the crude oil is of high quality, with a high proportion of light low-sulfur crude oil, which is very suitable for refining into finished oil such as gasoline and diesel, continuously providing impetus for the country’s development.
2.1.2 里海地区：卡沙干与田吉兹油田的国际合作典范
2.1.2 Caspian Sea Region: A Model of International Cooperation for Kashagan and Tengiz Oilfields
而里海地区，更是因其丰富的石油蕴藏量而备受瞩目。著名的卡沙干油田，宛如一颗璀璨的宝石镶嵌在里海之畔，其石油可采储量高达10亿吨，天然气可采储量超过1万亿立方米。卡沙干油田的开发堪称国际石油合作的典范，由多个国际石油巨头与哈萨克斯坦国家石油公司联合开发，采用了最先进的深海开采技术。此外，田吉兹油田同样不容小觑，该油田的原油产量稳定，其产出的高含硫原油经过先进的脱硫工艺处理后，广泛应用于全球化工市场，使得里海地区成为哈萨克斯坦石油产业的核心地带。
The Caspian Sea region has attracted much attention due to its rich oil reserves. The famous Kashagan Oilfield is like a bright gem inlaid on the bank of the Caspian Sea, with recoverable oil reserves of up to 1 billion tons and recoverable natural gas reserves of more than 1 trillion cubic meters. The development of the Kashagan Oilfield is a model of international oil cooperation, jointly developed by a number of international oil giants and Kazakhstan’s national oil company, using the most advanced deep-sea mining technology. In addition, the Tengiz Oilfield is also remarkable. The crude oil output of this oilfield is stable, and the high-sulfur crude oil produced is widely used in the global chemical market after advanced desulfurization technology treatment, making the Caspian Sea region a core area of Kazakhstan’s oil industry.
2.2天然气：广泛分布的清洁力量
2.2 Natural Gas: A Widely Distributed Clean Energy Source
2.2.1 核心产区与地质成因
2.2.1 Core Producing Areas and Geological Origins
哈萨克斯坦的天然气资源宛如大地馈赠的“蓝色黄金”，在广袤国土上星罗棋布。卡拉干达盆地、库尔恰托夫脉、曼格什拉克半岛等核心产区，不仅是天然气的富集地，更见证着地质变迁的奇迹。这些区域因处于古老的哈萨克地盾与西伯利亚板块交界处，历经数亿年的沉积压实与构造运动，形成了多层叠置的储集空间，如同天然的巨型储气罐。盆地内的天然气多与石油伴生，形成独特的油气共生体系，其中液态烃类与气态甲烷在地下压力环境中相互依存，通过复杂的运移过程富集于砂岩、碳酸盐岩等孔隙性岩层中。
Kazakhstan’s natural gas resources are like “blue gold” endowed by the earth, scattered across its vast territory. Core producing areas such as the Karaganda Basin, Kurchatov Ridge, and Mangyshlak Peninsula are not only rich in natural gas but also witnesses to the miracle of geological changes. These regions are located at the junction of the ancient Kazakh Shield and the Siberian Plate. After hundreds of millions of years of sedimentation, compaction, and tectonic movement, they have formed multi-layered reservoir spaces, like natural giant gas storage tanks. Most of the natural gas in the basin is associated with oil, forming a unique oil-gas symbiosis system. Among them, liquid hydrocarbons and gaseous methane depend on each other in the underground pressure environment and accumulate in porous rocks such as sandstone and carbonate rocks through complex migration processes.
2.2.2 勘探技术与储量规模
2.2.2 Exploration Technology and Reserve Scale
在开发利用层面，哈萨克斯坦依托苏联时期遗留的雄厚勘探基础，近年来引入国际先进水平的三维地震勘探、水平井分段压裂等技术，使得里海沿岸深水区等复杂区块的天然气储量不断刷新纪录。截至2024 年，该国探明天然气储量已达4.5万亿立方米，位列世界前20。
In terms of development and utilization, relying on the solid exploration foundation left by the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has introduced internationally advanced technologies such as 3D seismic exploration and horizontal well staged fracturing in recent years, which has continuously refreshed the natural gas reserves in complex blocks such as the deep-water area along the Caspian Sea. As of 2024, the country’s proven natural gas reserves have reached 4.5 trillion cubic meters, ranking among the top 20 in the world.
2.2.3 国内应用与国际输送网络（中亚-中国管道等）
2.2.3 Domestic Application and International Transmission Network (Central Asia-China Pipeline, etc.)
这些资源不仅通过国内庞大的输气管网保障了阿斯塔纳、阿拉木图等城市的冬季供暖与工业用电，更通过中亚-中国天然气管道（年输气能力达300亿立方米）、中亚-俄罗斯管道等跨国动脉，将清洁能源输送至欧亚大陆腹地。
These resources not only ensure the winter heating and industrial power consumption of cities such as Astana and Almaty through the country’s large domestic gas pipeline network but also transport clean energy to the hinterland of Eurasia through transnational arteries such as the Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline (with an annual gas transmission capacity of 30 billion cubic meters) and the Central Asia-Russia Pipeline.
2.2.4 未来战略：跨里海管道与全球供应枢纽
2.2.4 Future Strategy: Trans-Caspian Pipeline and Global Supply Hub
值得一提的是，哈萨克斯坦正在建设中的“跨里海天然气管道”项目，计划打通至欧洲的新通道，届时其作为全球天然气供应枢纽的战略地位将进一步巩固。这种“立足中亚、辐射两洋”的能源布局，不仅推动着哈萨克斯坦从资源大国向能源强国转型，更让“哈萨克斯坦天然气”成为国际能源市场上兼具品质与稳定性的优质品牌。
It is worth mentioning that Kazakhstan is constructing the “Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline” project, which plans to open a new channel to Europe. By then, its strategic position as a global natural gas supply hub will be further consolidated. This energy layout of “basing on Central Asia and radiating two oceans” not only promotes Kazakhstan’s transformation from a resource-rich country to an energy power but also makes “Kazakhstan natural gas” a high-quality brand with both quality and stability in the international energy market.
2.3 Coal: An Energy Source in the Central and Northern Regions
2.3.1 地质背景与储量分布
2.3.1 Geological Background and Reserve Distribution
煤炭资源主要集中在哈萨克斯坦的中部和北部地区，其地质历史上曾是茂密的森林覆盖区域。在古生代和中生代时期，大量植物在沼泽环境中堆积，经过漫长的地质作用形成了煤炭。卡拉干达州和巴甫洛达尔州等地的煤田星罗棋布，已探明的煤田数量超过100个，总储量约为 1767亿吨，在全球煤炭储量排名中位居第八。
Coal resources are mainly concentrated in the central and northern regions of Kazakhstan. Geologically, these areas were once covered with dense forests. During the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, a large number of plants accumulated in swamp environments and formed coal after a long period of geological processes. Coalfields are scattered in regions such as Karaganda Oblast and Pavlodar Oblast, with more than 100 proven coalfields and a total reserve of about 176.7 billion tons, ranking eighth in the world in terms of global coal reserves.
2.3.2 埃基巴斯图兹煤田：主力产区与开采技术
2.3.2 Ekibastuz Coalfield: Major Production Area and Mining Technology
埃基巴斯图兹煤田作为全国最大的煤田，储量约达145亿吨。该煤田开采历史悠久，自苏联时期就已大规模开发。这里的煤炭以动力煤为主，具有发热量高、灰分低的特点，广泛应用于火力发电领域。在开采技术方面，埃基巴斯图兹煤田采用了露天开采与井工开采相结合的方式，现代化的开采设备极大提高了开采效率，为国家的工业发展和能源供应立下了汗马功劳。
The Ekibastuz Coalfield is the largest coalfield in the country, with reserves of approximately 14.5 billion tons. It has a long mining history and has been developed on a large scale since the Soviet Union era. The coal here is mainly steam coal, featuring high calorific value and low ash content, and is widely used in thermal power generation. In terms of mining technology, the Ekibastuz Coalfield adopts a combination of open-pit mining and underground mining. Modern mining equipment has greatly improved mining efficiency, making great contributions to the country’s industrial development and energy supply.
2.4铀矿：南部的战略资源
2.4 Uranium Ore: A Strategic Resource in the South
2.4.1 全球地位与核心矿区
2.4.1 Global Status and Core Mining Areas
哈萨克斯坦作为全球第二大铀矿资源国，其铀矿资源的90%以上集中在南部的楚河-萨雷苏河铀矿区、锡尔河铀矿区以及北部铀矿区。这些地区的铀矿形成于特殊的古地理和古气候条件下，砂岩型铀矿的形成与地下水的长期作用密切相关。已探明的铀矿床超过55个，总储量占全球的25%。
As the world’s second-largest uranium resource country, more than 90% of Kazakhstan’s uranium resources are concentrated in the Chu-Sarysu Uranium Mining Area, Syr Darya Uranium Mining Area in the south, and the northern uranium mining area. The uranium mines in these areas were formed under special paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions, and the formation of sandstone-type uranium deposits is closely related to the long-term action of groundwater. There are more than 55 proven uranium deposits, with total reserves accounting for 25% of the world’s total.
2.4.2 砂岩型矿床与先进地浸采铀技术
2.4.2 Sandstone-Type Deposits and Advanced in-situ leaching (ISL) uranium mining technology
哈境内的铀矿多为砂岩型，得天独厚的水文地质条件使得开采成本相对较低。哈萨克斯坦采用先进的地浸采铀技术，该技术无需大规模挖掘矿石，通过向地下注入溶浸液，将铀元素溶解后抽至地面进行提取，对环境影响较小。这种高效的开采方式也为其铀矿开采业的迅猛发展奠定了基础，哈萨克斯坦的铀产量在全球市场上占据重要份额，为核电站提供了关键的核燃料。
Most of the uranium mines in Kazakhstan are sandstone-type, and the unique hydrogeological conditions make the mining cost relatively low. Kazakhstan adopts advanced in-situ leaching (ISL) uranium mining technology. This technology does not require large-scale ore excavation; instead, it injects leaching solution underground to dissolve uranium elements, which are then pumped to the surface for extraction, resulting in little impact on the environment. This efficient mining method has also laid a solid foundation for the rapid development of its uranium mining industry. Kazakhstan’s uranium output accounts for an important share in the global market, providing key nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants.
2.5铜矿：两大成矿带的宝藏
2.5 Copper Ore: Treasures in Two Metallogenic Belts
2.5.1 储量地位与主要成矿带（巴尔喀什 - 准噶尔、北天山）
2.5.1 Reserve Status and Major Metallogenic Belts (Balkhash-Junggar, North Tianshan)
铜矿资源在哈萨克斯坦也十分丰富，已探明储量为3450万吨，约占世界总储量的5.5%，居世界第四位。巴尔喀什-准噶尔成矿带和北天山褶皱系是铜矿的主要分布区域，这两大成矿带在地质构造上处于板块碰撞的交界地带，复杂的地质运动使得铜元素得以富集。
Kazakhstan is also rich in copper resources, with proven reserves of 34.5 million tons, accounting for approximately 5.5% of the world’s total reserves and ranking fourth in the world. The Balkhash-Junggar metallogenic belt and the North Tianshan fold system are the main distribution areas of copper mines. Geologically, these two metallogenic belts are located at the junction of plate collisions, and complex geological movements have led to the enrichment of copper elements.
2.5.2 代表性铜矿：杰兹卡兹甘与博谢库尔
2.5.2 Representative Copper Mines: Dzhezkazgan and Boshkugur
杰兹卡兹甘铜矿和博谢库尔铜矿等大型铜矿均坐落于此。杰兹卡兹甘铜矿开采历史超过百年，矿区内矿石品位高，平均含铜量达到1.5% - 2%，并且含有金、银等伴生金属，综合利用价值极高。博谢库尔铜矿则以其大规模的露天开采而闻名，现代化的选矿厂能够对矿石进行高效处理，这些铜矿为哈萨克斯坦的铜产业发展提供了坚实的原料支撑，从采矿、选矿到冶炼，形成了完整的铜产业体系。
Large copper mines such as the Dzhezkazgan Copper Mine and the Boshkugur Copper Mine are located here. The Dzhezkazgan Copper Mine has a mining history of more than 100 years, with high ore grade, an average copper content of 1.5% - 2%, and associated metals such as gold and silver, featuring high comprehensive utilization value. The Boshkugur Copper Mine is famous for its large-scale open-pit mining, and modern mineral processing plants can efficiently process ores.
2.6金矿：多地绽放的金色光芒
2.6 Gold Ore: Golden Light Shining in Multiple Regions
2.6.1 储量分布与地质背景
2.6.1 Reserve Distribution and Geological Background
黄金储量约为1900吨，居世界第八位。金矿主要分布在北部、东部和东南部地区，这些区域在地质历史上经历了多次岩浆活动和热液作用，为金元素的富集创造了条件。那瓦西里科夫矿和巴克尔奇克矿是两大主要金矿，储量分别为250吨和200吨。
Kazakhstan’s gold reserves are approximately 1,900 tons, ranking eighth in the world. Gold mines are mainly distributed in the northern, eastern, and southeastern regions. Geologically, these areas have experienced multiple magmatic activities and hydrothermal processes in history, creating conditions for the enrichment of gold elements. The Navasilikov Mine and the Bakyrchik Mine are the two major gold mines, with reserves of 250 tons and 200 tons respectively.
2.6.2 主要金矿：那瓦西里科夫矿与巴克尔奇克矿
2.6.2 Major Gold Mines: Navasilikov Mine and Bakyrchik Mine
那瓦西里科夫矿以其独特的蚀变岩型金矿而著称，矿石中金的赋存状态复杂但品位较高。巴克尔奇克矿则是典型的石英脉型金矿，通过先进的选矿和氰化提金工艺，能够有效提取黄金。
The Navasilikov Mine is famous for its unique altered rock-type gold deposits, where gold in the ore has a complex occurrence state but high grade. The Bakyrchik Mine is a typical quartz vein-type gold mine, and advanced mineral processing and cyanide gold extraction technologies can effectively extract gold.
2.6.3 开采工艺与产业带动效应
2.6.3 Mining Technology and Industrial Driving Effect
此外，众多中小型金矿也如繁星般散布在各地，金矿种类以共生矿为主，常常与铜、铅锌等金属伴生，它们共同构成了哈萨克斯坦黄金产业的繁荣景象，不仅为国家带来了经济收益，也带动了周边地区的就业和基础设施建设。
In addition, numerous small and medium-sized gold mines are scattered everywhere like stars. Most of the gold mines are associated mines, often associated with metals such as copper and lead-zinc. Together, they constitute the prosperous scene of Kazakhstan’s gold industry, which not only brings economic benefits to the country but also drives employment and infrastructure construction in surrounding areas.
2.7铅锌矿：中部、南部和东部的富集区
2.7 Lead-Zinc Ore: Concentrated Areas in the Central, Southern and Eastern Regions
2.7.1 储量地位与矿床类型（层控型、喀斯特型）
2.7.1 Reserve Status and Deposit Types (Stratabound, karst-Type)
铅锌矿资源主要集中在中部、南部和东部地区。已探明的铅储量为1170万吨，锌储量为2570 万吨，分别居世界第六位和第四位。中部地区的层控型矿床形成于稳定的沉积环境中，铅锌元素在沉积过程中逐渐富集；南部喀斯特地貌区域的高含量铅锌矿，则是由于地下水的溶蚀和沉淀作用，使得铅锌矿物在溶洞和裂隙中聚集，都具有良好的开采前景。
Lead-zinc resources are mainly concentrated in the central, southern, and eastern regions of Kazakhstan. The proven lead reserves are 11.7 million tons, and zinc reserves are 25.7 million tons, ranking sixth and fourth in the world respectively. Stratabound deposits in the central region were formed in a stable sedimentary environment, where lead and zinc elements gradually enriched during the sedimentation process; high-grade lead-zinc mines in the karst landscape areas of the south are formed by the dissolution and precipitation of groundwater, which makes lead-zinc minerals accumulate in caves and fractures, both of which have good mining prospects.
2.7.2 开采与选矿技术
2.7.2 Mining and Mineral Processing Technology
在开采技术上，哈萨克斯坦针对不同类型的铅锌矿床采用差异化的开采方式。对于浅部矿床采用露天开采，深部矿床则采用地下开采。选矿过程中运用先进的浮选工艺，能够有效分离铅、锌矿物，提高金属回收率，为铅锌产业的发展提供了广阔的空间，从初级矿石开采到深加工产品生产，形成了较为完善的产业链。
In terms of mining technology, Kazakhstan adopts differentiated mining methods for different types of lead-zinc deposits. Open-pit mining is used for shallow deposits, and underground mining is used for deep deposits. Advanced flotation technology is applied in the mineral processing process, which can effectively separate lead and zinc minerals and improve metal recovery rate.
2.8 其他重要金属矿产
2.8 Other Important Metal Minerals
2.8.1 铬铁矿：世界第二的储量与应用
2.8.1 Chromite Ore: World’s Second-Largest Reserve and Its Application
哈萨克斯坦的铬铁矿储量居世界第二位，主要分布在阿克纠宾斯克州和阿拉木图州。这些地区的铬铁矿形成于古老的地幔岩浆活动，矿床大多为大型且品位较高，矿石中铬铁比值优良，是生产不锈钢和特种合金的优质原料。
Kazakhstan’s chromite reserves rank second in the world, mainly distributed in Aktobe Oblast and Almaty Oblast. Chromite mines in these areas were formed by ancient mantle magmatic activities. Most of the deposits are large-scale with high grade, and the chrome-iron ratio in the ore is excellent, making it a high-quality raw material for the production of stainless steel and special alloys.
2.8.2 钨矿：全球首位储量与共生矿特点
2.8.2 Tungsten Ore: World’s Largest Reserve and Characteristics of Associated Ores
钨矿储量约200万吨，占全球总储量的50%，居世界首位，主要集中在中部的卡拉干达州及东南部地区，多为钨钼共生矿。这些地区的钨矿形成与岩浆热液活动密切相关，通过先进的选矿和冶炼技术，能够同时提取钨和钼等金属，产品广泛应用于航空航天、机械制造等高端领域。
Tungsten reserves are approximately 2 million tons, accounting for 50% of the world’s total reserves and ranking first in the world. They are mainly concentrated in Karaganda Oblast in the central region and the southeastern region, mostly tungsten-molybdenum associated mines. The formation of tungsten mines in these areas is closely related to magmatic hydrothermal activities. Through advanced mineral processing and smelting technologies, metals such as tungsten and molybdenum can be extracted simultaneously, and the products are widely used in high-end fields such as aerospace and machinery manufacturing.
2.8.3 银矿：亚洲首位储量与综合回收
2.8.3 Silver Ore: Asia’s Largest Reserve and Comprehensive Recovery
银矿储量约为1.5万吨，居亚洲首位，主要分布在阿尔泰山脉和塔尔巴盖塔山脉，多与铅锌矿和金矿共生。在开采和选矿过程中，通过综合回收技术，能够将银从伴生矿石中高效提取出来，进一步提高了矿产资源的利用价值，为哈萨克斯坦的矿业经济增添了重要的一笔。
Silver reserves are approximately 15,000 tons, ranking first in Asia, mainly distributed in the Altai Mountains and the Tarbagatai Mountains, mostly associated with lead-zinc mines and gold mines. During the mining and mineral processing process, silver can be efficiently extracted from associated ores through comprehensive recovery technology, which further improves the utilization value of mineral resources and adds an important part to Kazakhstan’s mining economy.
三、核心企业与中哈矿业合作深度解析
III. In-Depth Analysis of Core Enterprises and China-Kazakhstan Mining Cooperation
3.1 哈萨克斯坦铜业有限公司 (Kazakhmys)：全球铜业巨头
3.1 Kazakhmys Corporation: A Global Copper Industry Giant
3.1.1 历史脉络与资本架构
3.1.1 Historical Context and Capital Structure
哈萨克斯坦铜业有限公司成立于20世纪30年代，是哈萨克斯坦有色金属冶炼行业的奠基性企业。经过近百年发展，公司已成为集矿产开采、选矿、冶炼及能源供应于一体的综合性矿业集团，并于伦敦、哈萨克斯坦及香港证券交易所上市，形成国际化资本布局。其股权结构高度集中，董事长弗拉基米尔・金（Vladimir Kim）持有近46.5%股权，为公司实际控制人，凸显家族企业治理与国家战略结合的独特模式。
Kazakhmys Corporation was established in the 1930s and is a pioneering enterprise in Kazakhstan’s non-ferrous metal smelting industry. After nearly a century of development, the company has become a comprehensive mining group integrating mineral mining, mineral processing, smelting, and energy supply. It is listed on the London, Kazakhstan, and Hong Kong Stock Exchanges, forming an international capital layout. Its shareholding structure is highly concentrated. Chairman Vladimir Kim holds nearly 46.5% of the shares and is the actual controller of the company, reflecting the unique model of combining family business governance with national strategies.
3.1.2 资源禀赋与垂直一体化产业链
3.1.2 Resource Endowment and Vertically Integrated Industrial Chain
公司拥有17个采矿场，核心资源为铜、锌、金、银等有色金属，其中铜矿探明储量达 7.62 亿吨（截至 2020 年），按当前开采规模可支撑至少 50 年生产，奠定其全球铜市场的长期供应能力。值得注意的是，其银产量占哈萨克斯坦全国总产量的 51%（2020年数据），凸显多元矿产开发的战略价值。
The company owns 17 mining sites, with core resources including non-ferrous metals such as copper, zinc, gold, and silver. Among these, the proven reserves of copper ore amount to 762 million tons (as of 2020), which can support production for at least 50 years at the current mining scale, laying a solid foundation for its long-term supply capacity in the global copper market. Notably, its silver output accounts for 51% of Kazakhstan’s total national output (2020 data), highlighting the strategic value of diversified mineral development.
2024年铜矿开采量达1.602亿吨，同比增长7.4%，展现强劲资源获取能力；
In 2024, the copper ore mining volume reached 160.2 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 7.4%, demonstrating strong resource acquisition capabilities.
运营10个选矿厂与2个冶炼厂，形成从原矿开采到铜精矿、阴极铜、锌精矿等成品的完整生产链，2020年铜精矿产量27.1万吨，阴极铜产量36.5万吨；
It operates 10 mineral processing plants and 2 smelters, forming a complete production chain from raw ore mining to finished products such as copper concentrate, cathode copper, and zinc concentrate. In 2020, the output of copper concentrate was 271,000 tons, and the output of cathode copper was 365,000 tons.
旗下Ekibastuz GRES1号火力发电厂为哈萨克斯坦第三大发电企业，2020年发电量72.67 亿千瓦时，实现工业生产能源自给，降低对外依赖风险。
Its subsidiary, Ekibastuz GRES-1 Thermal Power Plant, is the third-largest power generation enterprise in Kazakhstan. In 2020, its power generation capacity reached 7.267 billion kWh, realizing energy self-sufficiency in industrial production and reducing the risk of external dependence.
3.1.3 全球市场地位与产能扩张计划
3.1.3 Global Market Position and Capacity Expansion Plan
公司位列全球第20大铜精矿生产商、第 12 大阴极铜生产商，产品出口至中国、欧洲及东南亚等主要市场，2024 年虽因矿石品位下降导致铜精矿产量同比减少 2.1%（至 56.72 万吨），但其资源储备与产能扩张计划仍使其在全球铜供应链中占据不可替代的地位。
The company ranks among the world’s top 20 copper concentrate producers and top 12 cathode copper producers. Its products are exported to major markets such as China, Europe, and Southeast Asia. In 2024, although the output of copper concentrate decreased by 2.1% year-on-year (to 567,200 tons) due to the decline in ore grade, its resource reserves and capacity expansion plan still make it occupy an irreplaceable position in the global copper supply chain.
为巩固市场地位，公司制定激进的产能提升计划：2025年前投资70亿美元用于Bozshakol 和 Aktogay等新铜矿项目开发，预计新增年产能2500万吨。这一规划不仅旨在应对现有矿区品位下降问题，更着眼于满足全球绿色转型对铜资源（如新能源汽车、电网建设）的爆发式需求，体现其对行业趋势的前瞻性判断。
To consolidate its market position, the company has formulated an aggressive capacity enhancement plan: invest 7 billion US dollars in the development of new copper mine projects such as Bozshakol and Aktogay by 2025, with an expected annual capacity increase of 25 million tons. This plan not only aims to address the issue of declining grades in existing mining areas but also focuses on meeting the explosive demand for copper resources (such as new energy vehicles and power grid construction) in the global green transition, reflecting its forward-looking judgment on industry trends
3.1.4 中哈合作的多维实践
3.1.4 Multi-Dimensional Practice of China-Kazakhstan Cooperation
冶炼产能升级(中国有色集团)
Smelting Capacity Upgrade (China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group)
2023 年，中国有色矿业集团与 Kazakhmys 签署协议，计划在哈萨克斯坦建设年产能 30 万吨的电解铜冶炼厂，总投资约 15 亿美元。该项目聚焦高附加值电解铜生产，填补当地深加工能力缺口，同时为中国铜加工企业提供稳定原料供应，形成 “资源开采 — 精炼加工 — 市场销售”的跨国产业链闭环。
In 2023, China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Co., Ltd. (CNMC) signed an agreement with Kazakhmys to build an electrolytic copper smelter with an annual capacity of 300,000 tons in Kazakhstan, with a total investment of approximately 1.5 billion US dollars. This project focuses on the production of high-value-added electrolytic copper, filling the gap in local deep processing capabilities, and at the same time providing stable raw material supply for Chinese copper processing enterprises, forming a cross-border industrial chain closed loop of “resource mining - refining and processing - market sales”.
全周期资源开发：紫金矿业的战略布局
Full-Cycle Resource Development (Zijin Mining)
紫金矿业作为中国有色金属领域的领军企业，于2023 年与哈萨克投资国有公司签署备忘录，合作范围覆盖有色金属和贵金属矿床的勘探、开采及冶炼全流程。此举突破传统单一采矿合作模式，转向资源全生命周期价值挖掘，既提升哈萨克斯坦矿产资源开发效率，也为紫金矿业获取海外优质矿权、实现全球化布局提供支撑。
As a leading enterprise in China’s non-ferrous metal field, Zijin Mining signed a memorandum with Kazakhstan’s state-owned investment company in 2023. The cooperation scope covers the entire process of exploration, mining, and smelting of non-ferrous metal and precious metal deposits. This move breaks through the traditional single mining cooperation model and shifts to the full-life cycle value mining of resources, which not only improves the development efficiency of Kazakhstan’s mineral resources but also provides support for Zijin Mining to obtain high-quality overseas mining rights and realize a global layout.
大规模产业集群(东方希望集团)
Large-Scale Industrial Cluster (Oriental Hope Group)
东方希望集团2025 年计划投资超 120 亿美元，在哈萨克斯坦建设有色金属生产和深加工项目，并配套建设发电设施。该项目具有显著规模效应，建成后将大幅提升当地铜、锌等金属的产能，并依托区位优势拓展对欧盟、中亚及中国的出口，形成集资源开发、能源供应、加工制造于一体的产业集群，推动哈萨克斯坦从“资源出口国”向“制造业参与国”转型。
In 2025, Oriental Hope Group plans to invest over 12 billion US dollars in the construction of non-ferrous metal production and deep processing projects in Kazakhstan, with supporting power generation facilities. This project has significant scale effects. After completion, it will greatly increase the local production capacity of metals such as copper and zinc, and expand exports to the EU, Central Asia, and China relying on location advantages, forming an industrial cluster integrating resource development, energy supply, and manufacturing, and promoting Kazakhstan’s transformation from a “resource-exporting country” to a “manufacturing participant”.
装备技术输出：耐普矿机的专业化服务
Equipment and Technology Export (Nephi Mining Machinery)
耐普矿机与哈萨克斯坦某大型铜业公司（推测为Kazakhmys 关联企业）签署5年期、金额达2265.76万美元的备件供货合同，覆盖矿山开采、选矿及冶炼全流程设备支持。这一合作体现中国矿业装备企业从“产品销售”向“服务化转型”的趋势，通过长期备件供应与技术支持，深度嵌入哈萨克斯坦矿业产业链，同时为自身培育稳定的海外市场。
Nephi Mining Machinery signed a 5-year spare parts supply contract with a large Kazakh copper company (presumed to be an affiliated enterprise of Kazakhmys) with an amount of 22.6576 million US dollars, covering full-process equipment support for mine mining, mineral processing, and smelting. This cooperation reflects the trend of Chinese mining equipment enterprises transforming from “product sales” to “service-oriented transformation”. Through long-term spare parts supply and technical support, they are deeply integrated into Kazakhstan’s mining industry chain, while cultivating a stable overseas market for themselves.
3.2 国家投资公司 (KAZAKH INVEST)：中亚投资引擎
3.2 KAZAKH INVEST National Investment Corporation: A Central Asian Investment Engine
3.2.1 政策定位与“一站式”机构职能
3.2.1 Policy Positioning and "One-Stop" Institutional Functions
KAZAKH INVEST成立于2017年，是哈萨克斯坦政府为落实“一带一路”倡议设立的核心投资促进机构，隶属于外交部，承担“一站式”投资服务职能。其使命包括：为投资者提供政策咨询、许可办理、国家支持措施对接；监控投资项目进展，确保流程透明化；协调政府资源，推动战略项目落地。战略目标聚焦于2026年实现固定资产投资占GDP比重提升至 25.1%，吸引外国直接投资总额增至255亿美元，凸显其作为国家经济增长“发动机”的定位。
Established in 2017, KAZAKH INVEST is a core investment promotion agency established by the Kazakh government to implement the “Belt and Road Initiative”. It is affiliated to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and undertakes the "one-stop" investment service function. Its missions include: providing policy consultation, license processing, and national support measure connection for investors; monitoring the progress of investment projects to ensure process transparency; coordinating government resources to promote the implementation of strategic projects. Its strategic goal is to increase the proportion of fixed asset investment in GDP to 25.1% by 2026 and attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to 25.5 billion US dollars, highlighting its position as an “engine” for national economic growth.
3.2.2 重点产业布局与项目实践
3.2.2 Key Industry Layout and Project Practice
能源与矿产：传统深化与新能源革命(锂、风电、水电)
Energy and Minerals: Traditional Deepening and New Energy Revolution (Lithium, Wind Power, Hydropower)
2024年与中国志存锂业合作探讨锂资源勘探与加工项目，瞄准全球电动汽车产业链对锂资源的需求；同期竣工的江布尔州 100 兆瓦风电项目、东哈州图尔古松水电站（总投资 2 亿美元），标志着哈萨克斯坦在可再生能源领域的突破，为中哈绿色能源合作树立标杆。
In 2024, it collaborated with China’s Zhicun Lithium Industry to discuss lithium resource exploration and processing projects, targeting the demand for lithium resources in the global electric vehicle industry chain; the 100 MW wind power project in Jambyl Oblast and the Turgusun Hydropower Station in East Kazakhstan Oblast (with a total investment of 200 million US dollars) completed in the same period mark Kazakhstan’s breakthrough in the renewable energy field and set a benchmark for China-Kazakhstan green energy cooperation.
传统能源深化
Traditional Energy Deepening
深度参与中哈原油管道、中亚—中国天然气管道的配套投资，2025 年计划通过后者对华天然气出口量增至40亿立方米，强化其作为中国能源进口“中亚枢纽”的地位。
It deeply participates in the supporting investment of the China-Kazakhstan Crude Oil Pipeline and the Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline. In 2025, it plans to increase natural gas exports to China to 4 billion cubic meters through the latter, strengthening its position as the “Central Asian hub”for China’s energy imports.
制造业与化工：本地化生产与技术转移(氮肥、聚乙烯)
Manufacturing and Chemical Industry: Localized Production and Technology Transfer (Nitrogen Fertilizer, Polyethylene)
中国五环工程有限公司2024 年签署氮肥综合体 EPC 总承包协议，总投资超 1.5 亿美元，推动哈萨克斯坦农业化肥自主化；支持阿特劳聚乙烯等化工项目，吸引中资企业参与技术引进，填补当地石化产品生产空白，降低对进口化工原料的依赖。
In 2024, China Wuhuan Engineering Co., Ltd. signed an EPC general contract agreement for a nitrogen fertilizer complex with a total investment of over 150 million US dollars, promoting the localization of agricultural chemical fertilizers in Kazakhstan; it supports chemical projects such as Atyrau Polyethylene, attracting Chinese enterprises to participate in technology introduction, filling the gap in local petrochemical product production, and reducing dependence on imported chemical raw materials.
农业与食品加工：产业升级与附加值提升
Agriculture and Food Processing: Industrial Upgrade and Added Value Enhancement
推动葵花籽油、面粉等农产品对华出口，并支持元瑞众（宁夏）国际贸易有限公司在哈建设亚麻籽油厂，延长农业产业链，提升附加值；引入中资参与农业科技项目，如节水灌溉、种子改良等，提升粮食生产效率，助力哈萨克斯坦从“粮食出口国” 向 “农业技术合作方” 转型。
It promotes the export of agricultural products such as sunflower oil and flour to China and supports Yuanruizhong (Ningxia) International Trade Co., Ltd. in building a linseed oil factory in Kazakhstan to extend the agricultural industrial chain and increase added value; it introduces Chinese investment to participate in agricultural technology projects such as water-saving irrigation and seed improvement to improve food production efficiency and help Kazakhstan transform from a “grain-exporting country” to an “agricultural technology cooperation partner”.
物流与基础设施：区域枢纽建设
Logistics and Infrastructure: Regional Hub Construction
投资建设努尔苏丹自动化物流中心，吸引德马泰克等国际企业入驻，提升物流效率；支持中哈边境霍尔果斯—东大门经济特区建设，通过跨境电商、多式联运等模式，强化中哈作为 “一带一路”陆上通道的枢纽功能。
It invests in the construction of the Nursultan Automated Logistics Center, attracting international enterprises such as Dematic to settle in and improve logistics efficiency; it supports the construction of the Horgos-Eastern Gateway Special Economic Zone on the China-Kazakhstan border, and strengthens the hub function of China-Kazakhstan as a land passage of the “Belt and Road Initiative” through cross-border e-commerce, multimodal transport, and other models.
3.2.3 中哈投资合作的生态构建
3.2.3 Ecological Construction of China-Kazakhstan Investment Cooperation
能源基建全链条协同
Full-Chain Coordination of Energy Infrastructure
中石油与KAZAKH INVEST 共同运营中哈原油管道，形成 “勘探—开采—运输—销售” 的全链条合作；中海油与 KMG（见下文）合资勘探 Zhylyoy 区块，展现投资促进机构与能源企业的联动效应。
PetroChina and KAZAKH INVEST jointly operate the China-Kazakhstan Crude Oil Pipeline, forming a full-chain cooperation of “exploration - mining - transportation - sales”; CNOOC and KMG (see below) jointly invest in the exploration of the Zhylyoy Block, demonstrating the linkage effect between investment promotion agencies and energy enterprises.
先进制造技术本地化(威高集团)
Localization of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (Weigao Group)
威高集团2024 年与 KAZAKH INVEST 探讨医疗设备本地化生产，涉及冠状动脉支架、透析设备等高端医疗器械，标志着中哈合作从资源领域向高技术制造业延伸，推动哈萨克斯坦产业结构升级。
In 2024, Weigao Group discussed localized production of medical equipment with KAZAKH INVEST, involving high-end medical devices such as coronary stents and dialysis equipment. This marks the extension of China-Kazakhstan cooperation from the resource field to the high-tech manufacturing industry, promoting the upgrading of Kazakhstan’s industrial structure.
绿色经济领域：可持续发展共识
Cooperation in the Green Economy Field
KAZAKH INVEST 编制总额130亿美元的65个战略性投资项目清单，涵盖碳捕集（CCUS）、绿色金融等领域，并与阿斯塔纳国际金融中心（AIFC）合作吸引低碳投资。中国企业在风电、光伏、锂资源开发中的参与，既符合全球碳中和趋势，也为自身绿色技术输出开辟新市场。
KAZAKH INVEST has compiled a list of 65 strategic investment projects with a total amount of 13 billion US dollars, covering areas such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) and green finance, and has cooperated with the Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) to attract low-carbon investment. The participation of Chinese enterprises in wind power, photovoltaic, and lithium resource development is not only in line with the global carbon neutrality trend but also opens up new markets for their own green technology export.
“一站式” 服务效能与中国代表处作用
“One-Stop” Service Efficiency and Role of China Representative Office
驻华代表处首席代表华内实・阿满泰（Kuanysh Amanzhol）的设立，实现中资企业从项目咨询、政策对接至落地实施的“本地化服务”，缩短投资周期。2023年协助落地项目创造就业超5000人，固定资产投资同比增长 2.5%，数据印证其服务效能对经济的拉动作用。
The establishment of Kuanysh Amanzhol, the Chief Representative of the China Representative Office, realizes "localized services" for Chinese-funded enterprises from project consultation, policy connection to implementation, shortening the investment cycle. In 2023, it assisted in the implementation of projects that created more than 5,000 jobs, and fixed asset investment increased by 2.5% year-on-year. These data confirm the driving effect of its service efficiency on the economy.
3.3中亚能源脊梁：哈萨克斯坦国家石油天然气公司（KMG）
3.3 KazMunayGas (KMG) National Oil and Gas Company: The Backbone of Central Asian Energy
3.3.1 国企担当与全产业链定位
3.3.1 State-Owned Enterprise Responsibility and Full-Industrial-Chain Positioning
KMG 成立于 2002 年，由哈萨克国家石油公司与国家“石油天然气运输”公司合并而成，90% 股权由国家福利基金 “Samruk-Kazyna” 持有，是哈萨克斯坦能源战略的绝对执行者。业务覆盖油气勘探、开采、炼化、运输及销售全链条，2023 年原油产量占全国 80% 以上，堪称 “国家能源命脉”。其战略目标直指 2031 年实现原油产量 2.4 亿吨、炼油深度提升至 89%，并推动石化项目投资超 9400 亿坚戈（约 21 亿美元），凸显产能扩张与产业升级的双重诉求。
Established in 2002, KMG was formed by the merger of Kazakhstan National Oil Company and the national “Oil and Gas Transportation” Company. 90% of its shares are held by the national welfare fund "Samruk-Kazyna", and it is the absolute executor of Kazakhstan’s energy strategy. Its business covers the entire chain of oil and gas exploration, mining, refining, transportation, and sales. In 2023, its crude oil output accounted for more than 80% of the country’s total, which can be called the “national energy lifeline”. Its strategic goal is to achieve a crude oil output of 240 million tons by 2031, increase the refining depth to 89%, and promote petrochemical project investment of over 940 billion tenge (approximately 2.1 billion US dollars), highlighting the dual demands of capacity expansion and industrial upgrading.
3.3.2油气全产业链的全球化布局
3.3.2 Global Layout of the Full Oil and Gas Industrial Chain
勘探与开采：国际巨头的合作网络
Exploration and Mining: International Giant Cooperation Network
核心项目包括卡沙甘油田（里海最大油田）、田吉兹油田，2023 年原油日产量 48.6 万桶（占全国 26%）。与雪佛龙、埃克森美孚等国际石油巨头合资开发田吉兹油田，引入西方技术与管理经验；与中海油签署 Zhylyoy 区块勘探合资协议，双方各持 50% 股份，中海油承担全部勘探费用，体现对中国资本与技术的信任。
Its core projects include the Kashagan Oilfield (the largest oilfield in the Caspian Sea) and the Tengiz Oilfield. In 2023, the daily crude oil output reached 486,000 barrels (accounting for 26% of the country’s total). It jointly develops the Tengiz Oilfield with international oil giants such as Chevron and ExxonMobil, introducing Western technology and management experience; it signed a joint venture agreement with CNOOC for the exploration of the Zhylyoy Block, with each holding 50% of the shares. CNOOC bears all exploration costs, reflecting trust in Chinese capital and technology.
炼化与化工：升级与合作并行
Refining and Chemical Industry: Upgrade Renovation and Cooperation Projects
拥有帕夫洛达尔炼油厂和阿特劳炼油厂，计划投资17 亿美元对阿特劳炼油厂进行现代化改造，提升环保标准与产能；与中国石化合作开发阿特劳聚乙烯项目，预计 2024 年完成投资决策，建成后将成为当地最大天然气化工项目，实现从油气资源到化工产品的价值跃升。
It owns the Pavlodar Refinery and the Atyrau Refinery, and plans to invest 1.7 billion US dollars in the modernization of the Atyrau Refinery to improve environmental standards and capacity; it cooperates with Sinopec to develop the Atyrau Polyethylene Project, which is expected to complete the investment decision in 2024. After completion, it will become the largest natural gas chemical project in the region, realizing the value leap from oil and gas resources to chemical products.
运输与销售：管道网络的战略价值
Transportation and Sales: Strategic Value of Pipeline Network
通过子公司KazTransOil 和 KazTransGas 运营原油与天然气管道，2023 年原油运输量达 8040 万吨，天然气管道总长 5400 公里；依托中哈原油管道和中亚 — 中国天然气管道，2025 年计划对华天然气出口量增至 40 亿立方米，成为中国 “西气东输” 战略的重要支点。
It operates crude oil and natural gas pipelines through its subsidiaries KazTransOil and KazTransGas. In 2023, the crude oil transportation volume reached 80.4 million tons, and the total length of natural gas pipelines was 5,400 kilometers; relying on the China-Kazakhstan Crude Oil Pipeline and the Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline, it plans to increase natural gas exports to China to 4 billion cubic meters in 2025, becoming an important fulcrum of China’s "West-East Gas Transmission" strategy.
3.3.3中哈能源合作的立体化实践
3.3.3 Three-Dimensional Practice of China-Kazakhstan Energy Cooperation
股权合作：深度利益绑定
Equity Cooperation and In-Depth Interest Binding
中石油持有MangistauMunaiGaz公司50%股份，2023年该合资企业净利润达858亿坚戈（约 1.9 亿美元），体现中哈通过股权纽带实现风险共担、收益共享的合作模式。
PetroChina holds 50% of the shares of MangistauMunaiGaz. In 2023, the joint venture achieved a net profit of 85.8 billion tenge (approximately 190 million US dollars), reflecting the cooperation model between China and Kazakhstan to achieve risk sharing and benefit sharing through equity ties.
技术协同：从勘探到环保的全流程合作
Technology Coordination: Full-Process Cooperation from Exploration to Environmental Protection
中海油在Zhylyoy 区块勘探中承担全部费用，输出地震勘探、钻井等技术，提升哈方对复杂区块的开发能力；中信资源合资运营Caspian Bitum沥青厂，投资361亿坚戈（约8000 万美元）完成升级，年处理原油能力从100万吨增至 150 万吨，满足“新丝绸之路”公路建设对高品质沥青的需求，实现技术应用与当地基建的双向赋能。
CNOOC bears all costs in the exploration of the Zhylyoy Block and exports technologies such as seismic exploration and drilling to improve Kazakhstan’s ability to develop complex blocks; CITIC Resources jointly operates the Caspian Bitum Asphalt Plant, investing 36.1 billion tenge (approximately 80 million US dollars) to complete the upgrading, increasing the annual crude oil processing capacity from 1 million tons to 1.5 million tons, meeting the demand for high-quality asphalt in the “New Silk Road” highway construction, and realizing the two-way empowerment of technology application and local infrastructure.
多元能源：超越传统油气的创新探索
Diversified Energy Exploration: Coalbed Methane Cooperation
中国石化2025 年启动卡拉干达煤田煤层气合作研究，探索非常规油气资源开发，推动哈萨克斯坦能源结构多元化，降低对传统原油的依赖度，同时为中国煤化工技术输出提供试验场。
In 2025, Sinopec will launch a joint research project on coalbed methane in the Karaganda Coalfield to explore the development of unconventional oil and gas resources, promote the diversification of Kazakhstan’s energy structure, reduce dependence on traditional crude oil, and at the same time provide a test site for the export of China’s coal chemical technology.
四、中哈合作的特征、挑战与未来展望
IV. China-Kazakhstan Mining Cooperation: Characteristics, Challenges and Future Prospects
4.1合作模式的三大特征
4.1 Three Characteristics of the Cooperation Model
4.1.1全产业链渗透：从资源到技术的梯度转移
4.1.1 Full-Industrial-Chain Penetration: Gradient Transfer from Resources to Technology
中哈合作已从早期的资源开采（如铜矿、原油），延伸至冶炼加工（电解铜厂）、装备制造（矿山设备）、技术研发（煤层气、锂资源）及服务配套（物流、金融），形成“资源—资本—技术—市场”的完整链条。例如，耐普矿机的备件供应、威高集团的医疗设备本地化，标志着中国企业从“资源获取者”向“产业协同者”转型。
China-Kazakhstan cooperation has extended from early resource mining (such as copper mines and crude oil) to smelting and processing (electrolytic copper plants), equipment manufacturing (mining equipment), technology research and development (coalbed methane, lithium resources), and service support (logistics, finance), forming a complete chain of "resources - capital - technology - market". For example, the spare parts supply of Nephi Mining Machinery and the localized production of medical equipment by Weigao Group mark the transformation of Chinese enterprises from "resource acquirers" to "industrial coordinators".
4.1.2政策与市场双轮驱动
4.1.2 Dual-Driver of Policy and Marke
KAZAKH INVEST 作为政策工具，通过 “一站式” 服务降低制度性壁垒，而 Kazakhmys、KMG 等企业则以市场主体身份与中国企业开展商业化合作。2024 年 KAZAKH INVEST 推出的 130 亿美元战略投资清单，与企业自身的产能扩张计划（如 Kazakhmys 的 70 亿美元新矿投资）形成政策与市场的共振效应。
As a policy tool, KAZAKH INVEST reduces institutional barriers through "one-stop" services, while enterprises such as Kazakhmys and KMG conduct commercial cooperation with Chinese enterprises as market entities. The 13 billion US dollar strategic investment list launched by KAZAKH INVEST in 2024 and the enterprise’s own capacity expansion plans (such as Kazakhmys’ 7 billion US dollar new mine investment) form a resonance effect between policy and market.
4.1.3绿色与数字化转型导向
4.1.3 Orientation towards Green and Digital Transformation
中哈合作逐渐向低碳领域倾斜，如风电、光伏、锂资源开发及碳捕集项目，契合全球能源转型趋势。同时，KAZAKH INVEST 推动的自动化物流中心、KMG 的智能化油田开发，预示着双方在数字技术与传统产业融合领域的潜在合作空间。
China-Kazakhstan cooperation is gradually tilting towards low-carbon fields, such as wind power, photovoltaic, lithium resource development, and carbon capture projects, which is in line with the global energy transition trend. At the same time, the automated logistics center promoted by KAZAKH INVEST and the intelligent oilfield development of KMG indicate the potential cooperation space between the two sides in the integration of digital technology and traditional industries.
4.2现存挑战与应对路径
4.2 Existing Challenges and Response Paths
4.2.1 地缘政治风险
4.2.1 Geopolitical Risks and Diversification Strategies
哈萨克斯坦作为地缘战略要地，大国博弈因素可能影响项目稳定性。建议加强多边合作，如引入上合组织、亚投行等机构参与项目，通过多元化股权结构分散风险。
As a geopolitically strategic location, Kazakhstan may be affected by great power game factors, which may impact project stability. It is suggested to strengthen multilateral cooperation, such as introducing institutions such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) to participate in projects, and disperse risks through diversified equity structures.
4.2.2 技术标准与环保壁垒
4.2.2 Response to Technical Standards and Environmental Barriers
欧盟及中亚国家对矿产、能源产品的环保标准日益严格，需推动中国技术标准与国际接轨。例如，在铜冶炼、炼油项目中采用更先进的环保技术（如低品位铜矿提取技术、清洁炼化工艺），满足ESG（环境、社会、治理）投资要求。
The European Union and Central Asian countries have increasingly strict environmental standards for mineral and energy products. It is necessary to promote the integration of Chinese technical standards with international standards. For example, adopt more advanced environmental protection technologies (such as low-grade copper ore extraction technology and clean refining processes) in copper smelting and oil refining projects to meet the requirements of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investment.
4.2.3 本地化经营压力与文化融合
4.2.3 Localized Operation Pressure and Cultural Integration
哈萨克斯坦《本地化法》要求提升本土就业与供应链比例，中国企业需加强与当地高校、科研机构的合作，如设立矿业技术培训中心、化工研发实验室，提升本土化水平，同时规避文化冲突。
Kazakhstan’s “Localization Law” requires increasing the proportion of local employment and supply chains. Chinese enterprises need to strengthen cooperation with local universities and scientific research institutions, such as establishing mining technology training centers and chemical research laboratories, to improve the localization level and avoid cultural conflicts.
4.3未来合作的四大趋势
4.3 Four Trends of Future Cooperation
4.3.1 新能源赛道全面发力
4.3.1 Full-Scale Efforts in the New Energy Track
锂资源开发将成为新焦点，志存锂业与KAZAKH INVEST 的合作已拉开序幕，未来可能形成 “锂矿开采—电池材料生产—电动汽车组装”的区域产业链。同时，风电、光伏项目的规模化复制（如江布尔州模式）将推动哈萨克斯坦成为中亚可再生能源枢纽。
Lithium resource development will become a new focus. The cooperation between Zhicun Lithium Industry and KAZAKH INVEST has already begun, and a regional industrial chain of “lithium mine mining - battery material production - electric vehicle assembly” may be formed in the future. At the same time, the large-scale replication of wind power and photovoltaic projects (such as the Jambyl Oblast model) will promote Kazakhstan to become a renewable energy hub in Central Asia.
4.3.2 产业链深度融合的“哈萨克斯坦制造”
4.3.2 “Made in Kazakhstan” with In-Depth Industrial Chain Integration
东方希望集团的120亿美元投资、中国五环工程的氮肥项目等，预示着中哈合作向制造业深度延伸。未来，依托霍尔果斯经济特区等载体，可能形成“中国技术 + 哈萨克斯斯坦资源 + 欧洲市场”的跨境制造模式。
The 12 billion US dollar investment of Oriental Hope Group and the nitrogen fertilizer project of China Wuhuan Engineering indicate that China-Kazakhstan cooperation will extend deeply into the manufacturing industry. In the future, relying on carriers such as the Horgos Special Economic Zone, a cross-border manufacturing model of “Chinese technology+Kazakh resources + European market” may be formed.
4.3.3数字经济与绿色金融的创新协同
4.3.3 Innovative Coordination of Digital Economy and Green Finance
KAZAKH INVEST与AIFC合作推动绿色金融，中国企业可探索发行绿色债券、碳金融产品，为项目融资提供新渠道。同时，物联网、大数据在油气田开发（如 KMG 的智能管道监控）、矿山管理（如 Kazakhmys 的数字化选矿厂）中的应用，将提升产业效率与可持续性。
KAZAKH INVEST’s cooperation with AIFC to promote green finance enables Chinese enterprises to explore the issuance of green bonds and carbon financial products, providing new channels for project financing. At the same time, the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data in oil and gas field development (such as KMG’s intelligent pipeline monitoring) and mine management (such as Kazakhmys’ digital mineral processing plants) will improve industrial efficiency and sustainability.
4.3.4 区域合作机制的升级 (物流、贸易模式)
4.3.4 Upgrade of Regional Cooperation Mechanisms (Logistics, Trade Models)
借助“一带一路” 倡议与欧亚经济联盟对接的政策红利，中哈可联合推动跨境电商、多式联运等新型贸易模式，如中国远洋海运集团参与的中哈（西安）商贸物流中心，将进一步缩短物流周期，降低贸易成本。
Taking advantage of the policy dividends from the alignment of the "Belt and Road Initiative" and the Eurasian Economic Union, China and Kazakhstan can jointly promote new trade models such as cross-border e-commerce and multimodal transport. For example, the China-Kazakhstan (Xi’an) Commercial Logistics Center participated in by China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company will further shorten the logistics cycle and reduce trade costs.
五、结论
5.1 哈萨克斯坦矿业的支撑作用与未来潜力
5.1 Supporting Role and Future Potential of Kazakhstan’s Mining Industry
阳光创译吕国博士认为哈萨克斯坦的矿产资源分布广泛且各具特色，无论是能源矿产还是金属矿产，都为国家的经济发展提供了强大的支撑。在未来，随着技术的不断进步和国际合作的持续深入，哈萨克斯坦的矿业必将绽放出更加绚烂的光彩，为全球矿业发展贡献更多的力量。
Dr. Lyu Guo from Suntrans Translation believes that Kazakhstan’s mineral resources are widely distributed and have unique characteristics. Both energy minerals and metal minerals provide strong support for the country’s economic development. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and the deepening of international cooperation, Kazakhstan’s mining industry will surely shine more brilliantly and contribute more to the global mining development.
5.2 阳光创译的桥梁作用与中哈合作共赢愿景
5.2 Suntrans Translation’s Bridge Role and Vision of Win-Win Cooperation Between China and Kazakhstan
此次哈萨克斯坦之行，吕国博士收获颇丰。他表示，哈萨克斯坦丰富的矿产资源与中国先进的矿业技术和庞大的市场需求形成了天然的互补优势，双方在矿业领域的合作前景十分广阔。未来，阳光创译将充分发挥自身在语言翻译、信息沟通等方面的桥梁作用，助力更多中哈矿业合作项目落地生根，实现互利共赢，共同为全球矿业的发展贡献力量。
Dr. Lyu Guo gained a lot from this trip to Kazakhstan. He stated that Kazakhstan’s rich mineral resources, China’s advanced mining technology, and huge market demand form a natural complementary advantage, and the cooperation prospect between the two sides in the mining field is very broad. In the future, Suntrans will give full play to its role as a bridge in language translation, information communication, and other aspects, help more China-Kazakhstan mining cooperation projects take root, achieve mutual benefit and win-win results, and jointly contribute to the development of the global mining industry.
公司介绍
北京阳光创译语言翻译有限公司（Suntrans）成立于 2008 年 2 月。公司总部设立在北京，在美国纽约设有分公司，并在乌干达和巴基斯设有办事处。在董事长吕国博士的带领下，历时15年，阳光创译由最初只有6人的翻译团队发展至今成为拥有50 余名全职管理人员、 1024 名兼职译员和 68 名核心译审人员的专业队伍。
阳光创译是中国领先的专业领域多语服务提供商，是中国专业地质矿业语言服务领军品牌。目前是中国翻译协会成员、中国语言服务产业技术创新联盟成员和中国矿业联合会全球地质信息共享委员会理事会成员。阳光创译致力于为中国地质、矿业以及石油领域企业国际化和本地化提供整体语言解决方案，主要从语言翻译服务、人才培养和咨询服务三方面推进企业的国际化进程。